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Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, leading to hyperglycemia. In T2DM, the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. Over time, the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. The pathogenesis of T2DM involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance, primarily in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, is a hallmark of the disease. This resistance leads to increased hepatic glucose production and decreased glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. Concurrently, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction impairs insulin secretion, exacerbating hyperglycemia.